Printing type :
1450 to 1830


Book history workshop

Bibliography

Detailed bibliography

The date given is generally that of the latest revised edition if there has been one, but not of unchanged reprints.

Agüera y Arcas, Blaise ‘Temporary matrices and elemental punches in Gutenberg’s DK type’, in Kristian Jensen, ed., Incunabula and their readers: printing, selling and using books in the Fifteenth Century (London: British Library, 2003), pp. 1–12, 207.

Alexander, J. J. G. and De La Mare, A. C. The Italian manuscripts in the library of Major J. R. Abbey. London, 1969.

Altick, Richard D. The English common reader: a social history of the mass reading public 1800–1900. Chicago, 1957.

Amert, Kay ‘Origins of the French Old Style: the roman and italic types of Simon de Colines’, Printing history, vol. 13/14 (1991/2), pp. 17–40.

Amphiareo, Vespasiano [Opera di Frate Vespasiano Amphiareo da Ferrara ... nella quale si insegna a scrivere varie sorti de lettere. Vinegia, 1554.] Vespasiano Amphiareo’s writing book of 1554, edited by Jan Tschichold. Stuttgart, 1975.

Anderson, Donald M. The art of written forms. New York, 1969.

Anderson, Donald M. A Renaissance alphabet. Madison, Wisconsin, 1971. Reproduced from the second part of G. F. Cresci, Il perfetto scrittore, Rome, 1570.

Annenberg, Maurice Typefoundries of America and their catalogs. 2nd ed. New Castle, Del., 1994.

Antonozzi, Leopardo [De caratteri. Rome, 1638.] Facsimile. Niewkoop, 1971.

Arrighi, Ludovico degli [La operina di Ludovico Vicentino, da imparare di scrivere littera cancellarescha. Rome, 1522.] The first writing book: an English translation and facsimile text of Arrighi’s Operina, with introduction and notes by John Howard Benson. New Haven, London, 1955. See also Ogg, Oscar, Three classics of Italian calligraphy.

Audin, Marius Les livrets des fonderies françaises créées avant 1800 (Paris, 1933). Reprinted, with Ellic Howe, ‘French type specimen books’, Amsterdam, 1964.

Avery, Charles Florentine Renaissance sculpture. London, 1970.

Axel-Nilsson, Christian Type studies: the Norstedt collection of matrices in the typefoundry of the Royal Printing Office, a history and catalogue. Stockholm, 1983.

Bachmann, J. H. Die Schriftgiesserei, für Praktiker und Laien, insbesondere für Buchdrucker. Leipzig, 1867.

Balsamo, Luigi and Tinto, Luigi Origini del corsivo nella tipografia italiana del cinquecento. Milano, 1967.

Barbedor, Louis [Les écritures financiere et italienne-bastarde. Paris, 1647.] [Facsimile.] Basle, c. 1948?.

Barber, Giles Bookmaking in Diderot’s ‘Encyclopédie’: a facsimile reproduction of articles and plates. Farnborough, 1972.

Barker, Nicolas ‘The Aldine roman in Paris 1530–1534’, The Library, 5th series, vol. 29 (1974), pp. 5–20. Discusses types attributed to Augereau, De Colines, Garamond.

Barker, Nicolas Aldus Manutius and the development of Greek script and type in the fifteenth century. Sandy Hook, Conn., 1985.

Bartram, Alan Lettering on architecture. London, 1975.

Bauer, Friedrich Das Giessinstrument des Schriftgiessers: ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Schriftgiesserei. Hamburg, 1922.

Bauer, Friedrich Chronik der Schriftgiessereien in Deutschland und den deutschsprachigen Nachbarländern. 2. Auflage. Offenbach am Main, 1928.

Bauer, Konrad ’Antiqua und Antike’, Gutenberg Jahrbuch 1958, pp. 16–19.

Beaujon, Paul (Beatrice Warde) ‘The Garamond types: 16th and 17th century sources considered’, Fleuron, 5, 1925, pp. 131–79.

Bechtel, Guy Gutenberg et l’invention de l’imprimerie: une enquête. Paris, 1992.

Becker, David P. The practice of letters: the Hofer Collection of writing manuals 1514–1800. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard College Library, 1997.

Benassi, Umberto ‘Il tipografo Giambattista Bodoni e i suoi allievi punzonisti’, Archivio storico per le province parmensi, nuova serie, vol. 13, 1913, pp. 3–115.

Berry, W. T. and Johnson, A. F. Catalogue of specimens of printing types by English and Scottish printers and founders 1665–1830. London, 1935.

Bessemer, Anthony [Specimen of the last modern cut printing types, by A. Bessemer. London, 1830.] Journal of the Printing Historical Society, 5, 1969.

Bickham, George [The universal penman. London, 1743.] New York, 1941.

Binny & Ronaldson The type specimen books of Binny & Ronaldson 1809–1812 in facsimile, with an introduction by Carl Purington Rollins, and facsimiles of some early American types. New Haven, 1936.

Bischoff, Bernhard Latin palaeography: Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Translated by Dáibhí Ó Cróinín and David Ganz. Cambridge, 1990.

Bocskay, Georg Mira calligraphiae monumenta, inscribed by Georg Bocskay and illuminated by Joris Hoefnagel. [Edited by] Lee Hendrix and Thea Vignau-Wilberg. London, 1992.

Bodoni, Giambattista [Fregi e majuscole incise e fuse da Giambattista Bodoni. Parma, 1771]. Facsimile, Cambridge (Mass.), 1982.

Bodoni, Giambattista [Manuale tipografico. Parma, 1788.] Facsimile a cura di Giovanni Mardersteig. Verona, 1968.

Bodoni, Giambattista [Manuale tipografico. Parma, 1818.] Facsimiles. London, 1960. Parma, 1965.

Bodoni, Giambattista G. B. Bodoni’s preface to the Manuale tipografico of 1818, now first translated into English with an introduction by H. V. Marrot. London, 1925. Reprinted, London, 1953.

Bonacini, C.  Bibliografia delle arti scrittorie e della calligrafia. Florence, 1953.

Bowman, John H. Greek printing types in Britain in the nineteenth century, a catalogue. Oxford, 1992.

Bowman, John H. Greek printing types in Britain from the late eighteenth century to the early twentieth century. Thessaloniki, 1998.

Breitkopf, J. G. I. Nachricht von der Stempelschneiderey und Schriftgiesserey, zur Erläuterung der Enschedischen Schriftprobe. Leipzig, 1777.

Bringhurst, Robert The elements of typographic style. 2nd ed. Vancouver, 1996.

British Museum / British Library Catalogue of books printed in the XVth century now in the British Museum. Part I: Xylographica, and books printed with types at Mainz, Strassburg, Bamberg and Cologne. London, 1908–. In progress: the volume for English incunabula is in preparation.

Brown, Michelle P. A guide to Western historical scripts from Antiquity to 1600. London, 1990.

Brown, Michelle P. and Lovett, Patricia The historical source book for scribes. London, 1999.

Bühler, Curt The fifteenth century book: the scribes, the printers, the decorators. Philadelphia, 1960.

Burger, Konrad Monumenta Germaniae et Italiae typographica: Deutsche und Italienische Inkunabeln in getreuen Nachbildungen herausgegeben von der Direktion der Reichsdruckerei. Auswahl und Text von K. Burger. Leipzig, 1892–1913.

Cajori, Florian A history of mathematical notations. La Salle, 1928.

Calabi Limentani, Ida Epigrafia Latina. 3rd ed. Milan, 1973.

Cappelli, Adriano Lexicon abbreviaturarum: dizionario di abbreviature latine ed italiane usate nelle carte e codici specialmente nel medio-evo. 6th ed. Milan: Hoepli, 1985.

Carter, Harry ‘Optical scale in typefounding’. Typography, no. 4 (Autumn 1937), pp. 2–6.

Carter, Harry A view of early typography up to about 1600. Oxford, 1969.

Carter, Harry and Buday, George ‘Nicholas Kis and the Janson types’, Gutenberg Jahrbuch, 1957, pp. 207–12.

Carter, Harry and Vervliet, H. D. L. Civilité types. Oxford, 1966.

Carter, Matthew ‘Theories of letterform construction, part 1’, Printing history, vol. 13/14 (1991/2), pp. 3–16.

Casamassima, Emanuele Trattati di scrittura del cinquecento italiano. Milan, 1966.

Casamassima, Emanuele ‘Literulae latinae: nota paleografica’, in Caroti, Stefano and Zamponi, Stefano, Lo scrittoio di Bartolomeo Fonzio. Milan, 1974, pp. ix–xxxiii.

Caslon, William [A specimen of printing types. London, 1766], facsimile, ed. James Mosley, Journal of the Printing Historical Society, 16, 1981–2.

Catich, Edward The origin of the serif. Davenport (Iowa), 1968.

Celebrino, Eustachio [Il modo d’imparare di scrivere lettera merchantescha. Venice, 1525.] Facsimile in: Eustachio Celebrino da Udene, calligrapher, engraver, and writer for the Venetian printing press, by Stanley Morison. Paris, 1929.

Chappell, Warren A short history of the printed word (New York, 1971). ‘Type: cutting and casting’, pp. 38–57.

Clement, Richard W. ‘The beginnings of printing in Anglo-Saxon’, Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America, vol. 91 (1997), pp. 192–244.

Consentius, Ernst Die Typen der Inkunabelzeit: eine Betrachtung. Berlin, 1929.

Cresci, Giovanni Francesco Essemplare di piu sorti lettere [Rome, 1560]; edited, with an introduction and translation, by A. S. Osley. London, 1968.

Cresci, Giovanni Francesco [Il perfetto scrittore. Rome, 1570.] [Facsimile.] Nieuwkoop, 1972.

Cresci, Giovanni Francesco L’idea, con le circonstanze naturali che a quella si ricercano per voler legittimamente posseder l’arte maggiore e minore dello scrivere. Milano, 1622.

Croiset Van Uchelen, T. Appendix C [on reproducing script in print], in ‘The mysterious writing-master Clemens Perret’, Quaerendo, vol. 17 (1987), pp. 38–42.

Crous, Ernst and Kirchner, Joachim Die gotischen Schriftarten. Leipzig, 1928.

De La Mare, A. C. The handwriting of Italian humanists, vol. 1, fascicule 1: Francesco Petrarca, Giovanni Boccaccio, Coluccio Salutati, Niccolò Niccoli, Poggio Bracciolini [etc]. Oxford, 1973.

De Lama, Giuseppe Vita del Cavaliere Giambattista Bodoni. Parma, 1816. New edition, ed. Leonardo Farinelli and Corrado Mingardi, Parma, 1989.

De Vinne, T. L. Plain printing types. New York, 1900.

Degering, H. Lettering. Berlin, 1929.

Delacolonge, Louis [Les caractères et les vignettes de la fonderie du Sieur Delacolonge. Lyon, 1773.] The type specimen of Delacolonge; introduction and notes by Harry Carter. Amsterdam, 1969.

Didot, Pierre Épître sur les progrès de l’imprimerie, par Didot fils aîné. Paris, 1784. A facsimile of the text and a prose translation is given in: Albert J. George, The Didot family, 1961.

Doede, Werner Schön schreiben, eine Kunst: Johann Neudörffer und seine Schule, Munich, 1957. New ed. 1988.

Dowding, Geoffrey An introduction to the history of printing types. London, 1961.

Dreyfus, John ‘The Baskerville punches 1750–1950’, the Library, 3rd series, vol. 5 (1950), pp. 26–48. (Dreyfus, Into print, pp. 13–36.)

Dreyfus, John Aspects of French eighteenth century typography. Cambridge, 1982.

Dreyfus, John Into print: selected writing on printing history, typography and book production. London, 1994.

Drogin, Marc Mediaeval calligraphy, its history and techniques. 1980.

Dürer, Albrecht [Underweysung der Messung. Nuremberg, 1525.] Of the just shaping of letters, from the Applied geometry of Albrecht Dürer, book 3. New York, 1917. English translation.

Dürer, Albrecht [Underweysung der Messung. Nuremberg, 1525.] Konstruktion der Antiquamajuskeln: Faksimilewiedergabe aus der ‘Unterweisung der Messung mit dem Zirkel und Richtscheit’, mit einer Betrachtung von Elisabeth Geck. Frankfurt am Main, 1971.

Edward Clark Library Catalogue of the Edward Clark Library, with typographical notes by Harry Carter. Edinburgh, 1976.

Enschedé, Charles Typefoundries in the Netherlands from the fifteenth to the nineteenth century, translated and edited by Harry Carter. Haarlem, 1978.

Enschedé, Joh. [Proef van letteren, welke gegooten worden in the Nieuwe Haerlemsche Lettergietery van J. Enschedé. Haerlem, 1768.] The Enschedé type specimens of 1768 and 1773: a facsimile with an introduction and notes by John A. Lane. Haarlem, 1993.

Fairbank, Alfred A book of scripts. Harmondsworth, 1949.

Fairbank, Alfred and Wolpe, Berthold Renaissance handwriting: an anthology of italic scripts. London, 1960.

Fassina, Silvano Roman capitals: five itineraries in Rome. Text in Italian and English. First published in the journal Calligrafia (Rome, 1995). Seattle: LetterPerfect, 1997.

Febvre, Lucien and Martin, H. J. L’apparition du livre. 3rd ed. Geneva, 1999. First published 1958. This is a reprint of the edition of 1971 (which had minor corrections and some additions to the bibliography), with a Postface by Frédéric Barbier.

Feliciano, Felice Alphabetum romanum, edited by Giovanni Mardersteig. Verona, 1960. Introductory text in English. Reprints the text of Felicano’s manuscript, with redrawn reproductions of the letters.

Feliciano, Felice Alphabetum romanum. Zürich: Belser Verlag, 1985. Feliciano’s original manuscript of c. 1463 (Vat. Lat. 6852) reproduced in facsimile. The German version of Mardersteig’s text of 1960 is reprinted in an accompanying volume. The Italian issue of this facsimile (Milan: Jaca Book, 1986) has the Italian version of Mardersteig’s text and a useful and original short introduction by Rino Avesani.

Ferguson, W. Craig Pica roman type in Elizabethan England. Aldershot, 1989.

Fichtenau, Heinrich Die Lehrbücher Maximilians I und die Anfänge der Frakturschrift. Hamburg, 1961.

Figgins, Vincent [Specimen of printing types, by Vincent Figgins. London, 1815.] Vincent Figgins, type specimens, 1801 and 1815, reproduced in facsimile; edited with an introduction and notes by Berthold Wolpe. London, 1967.

Fleischman, Johann Michael Fleischman on punchcutting, edited by Frans A. Janssen. Aartswoud, 1994.

Fletcher, Harry George New Aldine studies: documentary essays on the life and work of Aldus Manutius. San Francisco, 1988.

Flood, John L. ‘Nationalistic currents in early German typography’, The Library, 6th series, vol. 15, no. 2 (June 1993), pp. 125–41.

Fournier, Pierre Simon Modéles des caracteres de l’imprimerie. Paris, 1742. [Facsimile, with separate introduction by James Mosley.] London, 1965.

Fournier, Pierre Simon Manuel typographique. Paris, 1764–[8].

Fournier, Pierre Simon Fournier on typefounding: the text of the Manuel typographique (1764–1766) translated into English and edited with notes by Harry Carter. London, 1930. Reprinted New York, 1973, with additional preface.

Fournier, Pierre Simon The Manuel typographique of Pierre-Simon Fournier, together with Fournier on typefounding, an English translation of the text by Harry Carter, in facsimile, with an introduction and notes by James Mosley. Darmstadt, ‘1995’ [i.e. 1997].

Fry, Edmund [Specimen of modern printing types. London, 1828.] Specimen of modern printing types by Edmund Fry, 1828: a facsimile with introduction and notes by David Chambers. London, 1986.

Fugger, Wolfgang [Ein nützlich und wolgegrundt Formular manncherley schöner schriefften. Nürnberg, 1553.] Vollständige Faksimile-Ausgabe, mit eine Einleitung von Fritz Funke. Leipzig, 1958.

Fugger, Wolfgang [Ein nützlich und wolgegrundt Formular manncherley schöner schriefften. Nürnberg, 1553.] Wolffgang Fugger’s handwriting manual entitled A practical and well-grounded formulary for divers fair hands ... [reproduced in facsimile from the edition of 1597/1605, and] now translated by Frederick Plaat, with a foreword by Harry Carter. London, 1960.

Funcke, Johann Michael, Kurtze Anleitung von Form- und Stahl-Schneiden. Erfurt, 1740. Reprint, with introduction by James Mosley, Darmstadt, 1998.

Gaskell, Philip A bibliography of John Baskerville. Cambridge, 1959 (2nd ed. Chicheley, 1973). Includes a facsimile of Baskerville’s type specimen of 1775.

Gaskell, Philip A bibliography of the Foulis Press. London, 1964. Detailed note on ‘Type’, pp. 29–49.

Gaskell, Philip ‘Photographic enlargements of type forms’, Journal of the Printing Historical Society, no. 7 (1971), pp. 51–3.

Gaskell, Philip A new introduction to bibliography. Oxford, 1972 (corrected reprint, 1974).

George, Albert J. The Didot family and the progress of printing: a brief review of the development and accomplishments of the house of Didot, with ... translation of Épître sur les progrès de l’imprimerie, ... by Pierre Didot. Syracuse (NY), 1961. Includes a facsimile of the 1784 French text of the Épître, but the notes are given only in translation.

Gesellschaft für Typenkunde des XV. Jahrhunderts Veröffentlichungen. 2460 plates. Leipzig, 1907–39.

Glen, Duncan Printing type designs: a new history from Gutenberg to 2000 (Kirkcaldy, 2001).

Goldschmidt, E.P. The printed book of the Renaissance: three lectures on type, illustration, ornament. Cambridge, 1952.

Grafton, Anthony Rome reborn: the Vatican Library and Renaissance culture, edited by Anthony Grafton. Washington: Library of Congress [etc], 1993. Book to accompany an exhibition at the Library of Congress, 6 Jan to 30 Apr 1993.

Gray, Nicolete Sans serif and other experimental inscribed lettering of the early Renaissance. First published in Motif, 5, 1960, pp. 66–76. Reprint, edited by Paul Shaw, with some new illustrations, a revised bibliography and a brief obituary note on Nicolete Gray.) Seattle: LetterPerfect, 1997.

Gray, Nicolete Lettering on buildings. London, 1960.

Gray, Nicolete Lettering as drawing. London, 1970.

Gray, Nicolete 19th century ornamented typefaces. London, 1976. (Revised edition of: Nineteenth century ornamented types and title pages. London, 1938.)

Gray, Nicolete ‘Slab-serif type design in England 1815–1845’, Journal of the Printing Historical Society, no. 15 (1980/81), pp. 1–35

Gray, Nicolete A history of lettering: creative experiment and letter identity. Oxford: Phaidon, 1986.

Haebler, Konrad Typenrepertorium der Wiegendrucke. Halle, Leipzig, 1905–24.

Haebler, Konrad ‘Typefounding and commerce in type during the early years of printing’, Ars typographica, vol. 3, no. 1 (Jul 1926), pp. 3–35. (First published as: ‘Schriftguss und Schriftenhandel in der Frühdruckzeit’, Zentralblatt für Bibliothekswesen, Jahrg. 41 (1924), pp. 81–104.)

Haiman, György Nicholas Kis, a Hungarian punch-cutter and printer 1650–1702. Budapest, San Francisco, 1983.

Hale, J. R. A concise encyclopaedia of the Italian Renaissance, edited by J. R. Hale. London, 1981.

Handover, P. M. ‘Letters without serifs’, Motif, 6, 1961 (reprinted as Grotesque letters. London, 1964).

Hargreaves, Geoffrey D. ‘Florentine script, Paduan script, and roman type’, Gutenberg Jahrbuch 1992, pp. 15–34.

Hart, Horace Notes on a century of typography at the University Press, Oxford, 1693–1794. Oxford, 1900. Reprinted, with an introduction and additional notes by Harry Carter, 1970.

Harvard, Stephen An italic copybook: the Cataneo manuscript. New York, 1981. Facsimile of the manuscript copybook of Bernadino Cataneo of Siena, written c. 1545.

Heal, Ambrose The English writing-masters and their copy-books 1570–1800. Cambridge, 1931.

Hellinga, Lotte and Wytze The fifteenth-century printing types of the Low Countries. Amsterdam, 1966.

Hellinga, Wytze Copy and print in the Netherlands: an atlas of historical bibliography. Amsterdam, 1962.

Hirsch, Rudolf Printing, selling and reading 1450–1550. Wiesbaden, 1967.

Honour, Hugh Neo-classicism. Harmondsworth, 1968 (Penguin ‘Style and civilisation’ series).

Howe, Ellic ‘J. G. Gillé’, Signature, new series, 1, 1946, pp. 4–18.

Howe, Ellic ‘French type specimen books’, The Library, 5th series, vol. 6 (1951–2), pp. 28–41.

Hutt, Allen Fournier, the compleat typographer. London, 1972.

Ifrah, Georges Histoire universel des chiffres. Paris, 1994.

Ing, Janet Johann Gutenberg and his Bible: a historical study. New York, 1988.

Isaac, Peter C. G. William Bulmer: the fine printer in context, 1757–1830 (London, 1993).

Jammes, André La réforme de la typographie royale sous Louis XIV: le Grandjean. Paris, 1961. Reprinted in reduced format as La naissance d’un caractère: le Grandjean, Paris, 1985. Partial translation in Journal of the Printing Historical Society, 1, 1965, pp. 71–95.

Jammes, André ‘Calligraphie et typographie sous Louis XIV’, Caractère noël, 1961. 12 pp.

Jammes, André ‘Le Grandjean et la naissance de la typographie moderne’, dans: L’Art du livre à l’Imprimerie nationale (Paris, 1973), pp. 128–41.

Jammes, André Les Didot: trois siècles de typographie et de bibliophilie, 1698–1998. Paris, 1998. [Catalogue of exhibition at Bibliothèque historique de la Ville de Paris, May–August, and Musée de l’Imprimerie, Lyon, October–December 1998.]

Jammes, André Spécimens de caractères de Firmin et Jules Didot. Paris: Librarie Paul Jammes, et Éditions des Cendres, 2003.

Jessen, Peter Masterpieces of calligraphy: 261 examples 1500–1800. New York, 1981. Translation of: Meister der Schreibkunst aus drei Jahrhunderten. 2nd ed. Berlin, 1936.

Johnson, A. F. Selected essays on books and printing. Amsterdam, 1970.

Johnson, A. F. ‘The chancery types of Italy and France’, by A. F. Johnson and Stanley Morison, Fleuron, 3 (1924), pp. 23–51. (Selected essays, pp. 83–109.)

Johnson, A. F. ‘The goût hollandois’, The Library, 4th series, vol. 20, 1939, pp. 180–96; (Selected essays, pp. 365–77).

Johnson, A. F. ‘The italic types of Robert Granjon’, The Library, 4th series, vol. 21 (1940–41), pp. 291–308 (Selected essays, pp. 260–71).

Johnson, A. F. ‘Fat faces: their history, forms and use’, Alphabet and image, 5 Sep 1947, pp. 43–55; (Selected essays, pp. 409–15).

Johnson, A. F. Type designs: their history and development. 3rd ed. London, 1966.

Johnson, A. F. and Morison, Stanley ‘The chancery types of Italy and France’, Fleuron, 3 (1924), pp. 23–51. (Johnson, Selected essays, pp. 83–109.)

Johnston, Edward Writing and illuminating and lettering. London, 1906.

Kaldor, Ivan L. ‘The genesis of the Russian grazhdanskii shrift or civil type’, Journal of typographic research, vol. 3, no. 4 (1969), pp. 315–44; vol. 4, no. 2 (1970), pp. 111–38.

Kapr, Albert Johann Neudörffer der Ä., der grosse Schreibmeister der deutschen Renaissance: 48 Faksimilietafeln aus verschiedenen Werken, mit einer Einleitung von Albert Kapr. Leipzig, 1956.

Kapr, Albert Johann Gutenberg: the man and his invention. Aldershot, Brookfield (Vt), 1996.

Kinder, Hermann and Hilgemann, WernerThe Penguin atlas of world history. 2 vols. Harmondsworth, 1974 (many revised reprints).

Kirchner, Joachim Scriptura gothica libraria. Munich, 1966.

Knight, Stan Historical scripts: a handbook for calligraphers. Second ed. New Castle, 1998.

Koch, Paul ‘The making of printing types’, The Dolphin, no. 1 (1933), pp. 24–44. Translated from the German by Otto W. Fuhrmann, illustrations by Fritz Kredel.

Lamesle, Claude [Épreuves générales des caracteres qui se trouvent chez Claude Lamesle. Paris, 1742.] The type specimens of Claude Lamesle; a facsimile of the first edition, with an introduction by A. F. Johnson. Amsterdam, 1965.

Lane, John A. ‘Identifying typefaces’, The Library, 6th series, vol. 14, no. 4 (Dec 1992), pp. 357–66. Review of: W. Craig Ferguson, Pica roman type in Elizabethan England (1989).

Lane, John A. and Lommen, Mathieu Dutch typefounders’ specimens from the library of the KVB and other collections in the Amsterdam University Library, with histories of the firms represented. Amsterdam, 1998.

Lane, Robert F. ‘The Bodoni punches, matrices and molds at Parma’, Printing and graphic arts, vol. 5, no. 4 (Dec 1957), pp. 61–9.

Laufer, Roger ‘Les espaces du livre’, in Martin, Henri-Jean and Chartier, Roger (eds.), Histoire de l’édition française, (Paris: Promodis). Vol. 2, pp. 122–7.

Laurent et De Berny Spécimen des divers caractères, vignettes et ornements typographiques de la fonderie de Laurent et De Berny. Paris, 1828.

Laurent et De Berny La fonderie typographique de Laurent, Balzac et Barbier, créée par Honoré Balzac; réédition du spécimen des divers caractères, vignettes et ornements typographiques des la fonderie de Laurent et De Berny dit de Balzac; édition établie et présentée par René Ponot. Paris, 1992.

Le Bé, Guillaume L'inventaire de la fonderie Le Bé, selon la transcription de Jean Pierre Fournier. Paris: [Andre Jammes], 1957. (Documents typographiques, I.) Foreword by Stanley Morison.

Le Bé, Guillaume Sixteenth century French typefounders: the Le Bé memorandum. Paris, 1967. Edited and with introduction by Harry Carter.

Legros, L. A. and Grant J. C. Typographical printing surfaces: the technology and mechanism of their production. London, 1916.

Levey, Michael Early Renaissance. Harmondsworth, 1967. (Penguin ‘Style and civilisation’ series).

Lowry, Martin The world of Aldus Manutius: business and scholarship in Renaissance Venice. Oxford, 1979.

Lowry, Martin Venetian printing and the rise of the roman letterform. Herning (Denmark), 1989.

Lowry, Martin Nicolas Jenson and the rise of Venetian publishing in Renaissance Europe. London, 1990.

Martin, Henri-Jean La naissance du livre moderne: mise en page et mise en texte du livre français XVIe–XVIIe siècle (Paris, 2000).

McGuinne, Dermot Irish type design: a history of printing types in the Irish character. Dublin, 1992.

McKerrow, R. B. An introduction to bibliography for literary students. Oxford, 1927 (corrected reprint 1928).

Macrakis, Michael L. (editor) Greek letters, from tablets to pixels. New Castle, Delaware, 1996.

Mardersteig, Giovanni ‘L. B. Alberti e la rinascita del carattere lapidario romano nel quattrocento’, Italia medioevale e umanistica, vol. 2, 1959, pp. 285–307.

Mardersteig, Giovanni ‘Aldo Manuzio e i caratteri di Francesco Griffo da Bologna’, Studi di bibliografia e di storia in onore di T. De Marinis. Vatican City, 1964, vol.3, pp. 105–47.

Mardersteig, Giovanni Scritti di Giovanni Mardersteig sulla storia dei caratteri e della tipografia. Milan, 1988.

Marrot, H. V. William Bulmer, Thomas Bensley: a study in transition. London, 1930.

Martin, Henri-Jean and Chartier, Roger (eds.), Histoire de l’édition française, (Paris: Promodis). Vol. 1, 1982. ‘Le livre conquérant, du moyen age au milieu du XVIIe siècle’. Vol. 2, 1984. ‘Le livre triumphant 1660–1830’.

Martin, Henri-Jean, ‘Les styles typographiques’, in Histoire de l’édition française, (Paris: Promodis). Vol 2 (1984), pp. 122–7.

Mediavilla, Claude Calligraphy. Wommelgen, Belgium, 1996.

Meggs, Philip B. A history of graphic design. 3rd ed. New York, 1998.

Meiss, Millard ‘Toward a more comprehensive Renaissance palaeography’, Art bulletin, vol. 42 (1960), pp. 96–112.

Menninger, Karl Number words and number symbols: a cultural history of numbers. Cambridge (MA), 1969.

Meynell, Francis and Morison, Stanley ‘Printers’ flowers and arabesques’, Fleuron, no. 1 (1923), pp. 1–23.

Mores, Edward Rowe A dissertation upon English typographical founders and founderies, 1778; edited, with an introduction and notes, by Harry Carter and Christopher Ricks. London, 1961 (corrected reprint, 1963).

Mori, Gustav Was hat Gutenberg erfunden? Ein Rückblick auf die Frühtechnik des Schriftgusses. Mainz, 1921.

Mori, Gustav Das Schriftgiessergewerbe in Süddeutschland und den angrenzenden Ländern. Stuttgart, 1924.

Mori, Gustav ‘The essence of Gutenberg’s invention’, Ars typographica, vol. 2, no. 2 (Oct 1925), pp. 101–44.

Mori, Gustav Schriftproben deutscher Schriftgiessereien und Buchdruckereien aus der Jahren 1479 bis 1840: ein Führer durch die Schriftproben-Ausstellung im Kunstgewerbe-Museum zu Frankfurt am Main (1926). Catalogue of an exhibition based on the collection of type specimens assembled by Ernst Justus Haeberlin (d. 1925).

Mori, Gustav Frankfurter Schriftproben aus dem 16. bis 18. Jahrhundert: eine Entwicklung in ausgewählten Beispielen. Gesammelt von Gustav Mori, mit einer Einleitung von Dr. Robert Diehl. Frankfurt am Main, 1955.

Morison, Stanley Selected essays on the history of letter-forms in manuscript and print, edited by David McKitterick. Cambridge, 1981.

Morison, Stanley Four centuries of fine printing. London, 1924.

Morison, Stanley German incunabula in the British Museum. London, 1928.

Morison, Stanley John Bell. London, 1930.

Morison, Stanley ‘The development of English handwriting’, introduction to Ambrose Heal, The English writing-masters, 1931.

Morison, Stanley Fra Luca de Pacioli of Borgo San Sepolcro. New York, 1934. Includes a reproduction of Pacioli’s alphabet from the Divina proportione, 1509

Morison, Stanley ‘Leipzig as a centre of typefounding’, Signature, 11, 1939, pp. 1–14.

Morison, Stanley John Fell, the University Press, and the ‘Fell’ types, by Stanley Morison, with the assistance of Harry Carter. Oxford 1967.

Morison, Stanley Letter forms, typographic and scriptorial: two essays. London, 1968.

Morison, Stanley Politics and script. Oxford, 1972.

Morison, Stanley Early Italian writing-books, Renaissance to Baroque; edited by Nicolas Barker. Verona, 1990.

Mosley, James ‘Porson’s Greek types’, Penrose annual vol. 54 (1960), pp. 36–40.

Mosley, James ‘English vernacular: a study in traditional letter forms’, Motif, 11, 1963, pp. 3–55.

Mosley, James ‘Trajan revived’, Alphabet, v. 1, 1964, pp. 17–48.

Mosley, James ‘The early career of William Caslon’, Journal of the Printing Historical Society, 3, 1967, pp. 66–81.

Mosley, James British type specimens before 1831: a hand-list. Oxford, 1984.

Mosley, James ‘Illustrations of typefounding engraved for the "Description des Arts et Métiers" of the Académie Royale des Sciences, Paris, 1694 to c. 1700’, Matrix, no. 11 (1991), pp. 60–80.

Mosley, James ‘The baroque inscriptional letter in Rome’, Printing Historical Society (London), Bulletin no. 43 (Summer 1997), pp. 1–4. Revised version of a brief text first published by LetterPerfect, Seattle, in 1996.

Mosley, James ‘French academicians and modern typography: making new types in the 1690s’, Typography papers, no. 2 (1997), pp. 5–29.

Mosley, James The nymph and the grot: the revival of the sanserif letter, London, 1999. Extensively revised and expanded from an article first published in Typographica, new series, 12 (Dec 1965), pp. 2–19.

Mosley, James ‘Italian type specimens to 1860’, La Bibliofilia, anno 102 (2000), pp. 56–102.

Mosley, James Radici della scrittura moderna. Viterbo: Stampa Alternativa & Graffici, 2001. Contents: La linea crescente, Traiano redivivo, La ninfa e la grotta: la rinascita dei cratteri senza grazie.

Mosley, James ‘Type specimens of the Imprimerie royale 1643-1828’, Bulletin du bibliophile, 1, 2002, pp. 70-99.

Mosley, James ‘Les caractères de l’Imprimerie royale’, in, Le romain du roi: la typographie au service de l’état, Lyon: Musée de l’imprimerie, 2002, pp. 33–80.

Moxon, Joseph Mechanick exercises on the whole art of printing, 1683–4; edited by Herbert Davis and Harry Carter. 2nd ed. London, 1962.

Moyllus, Damianus A newly discovered treatise on classic letter design printed at Parma by Damianus Moyllus, circa 1480; reproduced in facsimile with an introduction by Stanley Morison. Paris, 1927.

Nash, Ray American penmanship 1800–1850: a history of writing and a bibliography of copybooks from Jenkins to Spencer. Worcester, 1969.

Needham, Paul ‘Johann Gutenberg and the Catholicon Press’, Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America, vol. 76 (1982), pp. 395–456.

Needham, Paul ‘Further notes on the Catholicon Press’, Gutenberg Jahrbuch 1991, pp. 101–26.

Needham, Paul ‘Johannes Gutenberg et l’invention de l’imprimerie en Europe’, in Les trois révolutions du livre, Paris: CNAM, 2002, pp. 181–7.

Nelson, Stan ‘Any fool can cut a punch...’, Matrix (Dec 1984), pp. 31–6. An account by Nelson of his own punchcutting practice, with illustrations.

Nelson, Stan ‘Mould making, matrix fitting, hand casting,’ Visible language, vol. 19, Winter 1985, pp. 107–20.

Noordzij, Gerrit ‘Broken scripts and the classification of typefaces’, Journal of typographic research, vol. 4, no. 3 (Summer 1970), pp. 213–40.

Noordzij, Gerrit The stroke of the pen: fundamental aspects of Western writing. The Hague, 1982.

Noordzij, Gerrit ‘The mannerist writing book and Stanley Morison: in honour of Johann Neudörffer’, Quaerendo, vol. 25, no. 1 (1995), pp. 59–71 (review of Morison, Early Italian writing books, 1990).

Ogg, Oscar Three classics of Italian calligraphy: an unabridged reissue of the writing books of Arrighi, Tagliente, and Palatino; with an introduction by Oscar Ogg. New York, 1953.

Orfei, Luca [Alfabeto delle maiuscole antiche romane. Rome, c. 1587.] [Facsimile.] Introduzione di Armando Petrucci. Milan, 1986.

Osley, A. S. ‘The origins of italic type’, Calligraphy and palaeography: essays presented to Alfred Fairbank. London, 1965. pp. 107–20.

Osley, A. S. Luminario: an introduction to the Italian writing books of the 16th and 17th centuries. Nieuwkoop, 1972.

Osley, A. S. Scribes and sources: handbook of the Chancery hand in the sixteenth century; texts from the writing-masters selected, introduced and translated by A. S. Osley. London, 1980.

Pacioli, Luca [Divina proportione. Venice, 1509.] Fra Luca de Pacioli of Borgo San Sepolcro, by Stanley Morison. New York, 1934.

Palatino, Giovanni Battista [Libro … nel qual s’insegna a scriver ogni sorte lettera. Rome, 1545.] In Ogg, Oscar, Three classics of Italian calligraphy.

Paput, Christian La gravure du poinçon typographique. Wissous: TVSO Éditions, 1998.

Pardoe, F. E. John Baskerville of Birmingham. London, 1975.

Parkes, M. B. English cursive book hands 1250–1500. London, 1969.

Parkes, M. B. Pause and effect: an introduction to the history of punctuation in the West. Aldershot, 1992.

Petrucci, Armando Public lettering: script, power and culture. Chicago, 1993. (Translation of: La scrittura: ideologia e rappresentazione. Turin, 1986.)

Pouchée, Louis John Ornamented types: twenty-three alphabets from the foundry of Louis John Pouchée [with an] introduction [by] James Mosley. London, 1993.

Proctor, Robert The printing of Greek in the fifteenth century. [Oxford], Printed for the Bibliographical Society at the Oxford University Press, 1900.

Reed, Talbot Baines A history of the old English letter foundries. London, 1887.

Reed, Talbot Baines A history of the old English letter foundries. New ed. rev. and enlarged by A. F. Johnson. London, 1952.

Rosart, Jacques François [Epreuve des caractères, qui se gravent et fondent dans la nouvelle fonderie de Jacques-François Rosart. Brussels, 1768.] The type specimen of Jacques-François Rosart, Brussels, 1768: a facsimile, with an introduction and notes by Fernand Baudin and Netty Hoeflake. Amsterdam, 1973.

Ryder, John A suite of fleurons. London, 1956.

Ryder, JohnFlowers and flourishes, including a newly annotated edition of A suite of fleurons. London, 1987.

Scholderer, Victor Greek printing types 1465-1927. London, 1927

Schumacher Gebler, Eckehart ‘Der Einfluß Bodonis und anderer ausländischer Schriftschneider auf die Entstehung klassizistischer Druckschriften in Deutschland’, Gutenberg Jahrbuch 1993, pp. 172–209.

Sears, M. U. Specimen of stereotype ornaments, 1825, [facsimile,] with an introduction by James Mosley. London, 1990.

Seddon, John [The pen-man’s paradise. London, c.1695.] Facsimile, Stuttgart, 1966.

Shitsgal, A. Russkii grazhdanskii shrift 1708–1958 (Moscow, 1959).

Silver, Rollo G. Typefounding in America 1787–1825. Charlottesville, 1965.

Smeijers, Fred Counterpunch: making type in the sixteenth century, making typefaces now. London, 1996.

Smith, Margaret M. ‘The pre-history of "small caps": from all caps to smaller capitals to small caps’, Journal of the Printing Historical Society, no. 22 (1993), pp. 79–106.

Sparrow, John Visible words: a study of inscriptions in and as books and works of art. Cambridge, 1969.

Stampa Vaticana e Camerale [Indice de caratteri esistenti nella Stampa Vaticana & Camerale. Rome, 1628.] The type specimen of the Vatican Press, 1628: a facsimile, with an introduction and notes by H. D. L. Vervliet. Amsterdam, 1967.

Steinberg, S. H. ‘Medieval writing-masters’, The Library, 4th ser. vol. 22 (1941), pp. 1–24.

Steinberg, S. H. ‘A hand-list of specimens of medieval writing masters’, The Library, 4th ser. vol. 23 (1942), pp. 191–4.

Steinberg, S. H. Five hundred years of printing. 3rd ed. Harmondsworth, 1974.

Stephenson, Simon & Charles A specimen of printing types & various ornaments, 1796, reproduced together with the Sale catalogue of the British Letter Foundry, 1797; with an introduction by James Mosley. London, 1990.

Straus, Ralph and Dent, Robert K. John Baskerville, a memoir. London, 1907.

Sutton, James and Bartram, Alan An atlas of typeforms. London, 1968.

Tagliente, Giovanantonio [Opera di Giovanniantonio Tagliente che insegna a scrivere de diverse qualita de lettere, intitulata Esemplario. Venice, 1525.] Opera di Giovanniantonio Tagliente: the 1525 edition reproduced in facsimile, with an introduction by James M. Wells. Chicago, 1952. See also Ogg, Oscar, Three classics of Italian calligraphy.

Thompson, Edward Maunde Handbook of Greek and Latin palaeography. London, 1893.

Thompson, Edward Maunde An introduction to Greek and Latin palaeography. Oxford, 1912.

Torniello, Francesco [Opera del modo de fare le lettere maiuscole antique con mesure de circino et resone de penna. Milan, 1517.] The alphabet of Francesco Torniello da Novara, 1517, followed by a comparison with the alphabet of Fra Luca de Pacioli; introduction by Giovanni Mardersteig. Verona, 1971.

Tory, Geofroy [Champ-fleury, auquel est contenu l’art et science de la vraie proportion des lettres Attiques selon le corps et visage humain. Paris, 1529.] Facsimile, with introduction by John Jolliffe. East Ardsley, 1970.

Tory, Geofroy Champ fleury, by Geofroy Tory; translated into English and annotated by George B. Ives. New York, 1927.

Tracy, Walter Letters of credit: a view of type design. London, 1986.

Tschichold, Jan Schatzkammer der Schreibkunst. Basel, 1945.

Tschichold, Jan Meisterbuch der Schrift. Ravensburg, 1952. (English translation: Treasury of alphabets and lettering. New York, 1966).

Twyman, Michael Printing 1770–1970. London, 1970. Reprinted, with a brief preface and some revisions and corrections, London and New Castle, 1998.

Twyman, Michael ‘The bold idea: the use of bold-looking types in the nineteenth century’, Journal of the Printing Historical Society, no. 22 (1993), pp. 107-143.

Type Facsimile Society Publications. Oxford, 1900–1908.

Type specimen facsimiles ... Type specimen facsimiles [1–15]: reproductions of fifteen type specimen sheets issued between the 16th and 18th centuries, accompanied by notes mainly derived from the researches of A. F. Johnson [and others]; general editor, John Dreyfus. London, 1963.

Type specimen facsimiles ... Type specimen facsimiles [16–18]: reproductions of Christopher Plantin’s Index sive specimen characterum, 1567, and Folio specimen of c. 1585, together with the Le Bé–Moretus specimen c. 1599; with annotations by H. D. L. Vervliet and Harry Carter. London, 1972.

Ullman, B. L. Ancient writing and its influence. New York, 1932 (reprinted, with an introduction by Julian Brown, Cambridge, Mass., 1969).

Ullman, B. L. The origin and development of humanistic script. Rome, 1960.

Updike, D. B. Printing types: their history, forms and use. 2nd ed. Cambridge, Mass., 1937.

Verini, Giovanni Battista Luminario; or the third chapter of the Liber elementorum litterarum on the construction of Roman capitals [c. 1527], by Giovam Battista Verini, in an English version by A. F. Johnson, with an introduction by Stanley Morison. Cambridge, Mass., Chicago, 1947.

Verini, Giovanni Battista Luminario: liber primus (etc) elementorum litterarum, [Toscolano, c. 1527.] Facsimile, con una nota di Emanuele Casamassima. Firenze, 1966.

Vervliet, H. D. L. Sixteenth-century printing types of the Low Countries. Amsterdam, 1967.

Vervliet, H. D. L. Cyrillic and oriental typography in Rome at the end of the sixteenth century: an inquiry into the later work of Robert Granjon 1587–90. Berkeley, 1981. Revised translation of: Robert Granjon à Rome, 1967.

Vervliet, H. D. L. ‘The italics of Robert Granjon’, Typography papers, 3 (1998), pp. 5–59.

Vervliet, H. D. L. ‘Roman types by Robert Granjon’, De Gulden Passer, jrg 76–77 (1998–9), pp. 5–76.

Vervliet, H. D. L. ‘Les italiques de corps Gros-romain de la Renaissance française’, Bulletin du bibliophile, no. 1, 1999, pp. 5–45.

Vervliet, H. D. L. ‘Greek printing types of the French Renaissance: the Grecs du Roy and their successors’, Journal of the Printing Historical Society, new series, 2 (2000), pp. 3–55.

Vervliet, H. D. L. ‘Printing types of Pierre Haultin (ca. 1510–87): Part I, Roman types’, Quaerendo, vol. 30 (2000), pp. 89–227.

Vervliet, H. D. L. ‘Simon de Colines, punchcutter 1518–1546’, De Gulden Passer, jrg 81 (2003), pp. 115–69.

Veyrin-Forrer, Jeanne La lettre et le texte. Paris, 1987. Collected essays.

Veyrin-Forrer, Jeanne ‘Antoine Augereau, graveur de lettres, imprimeur et libraire parisien (m. 1534)’, Paris et Île de France. Mémoires publiés par la Fédération des sociétés historiques et archéologiques de Paris et Île de France, vol. 8 (1956), pp. 103–56. (La lettre et le texte. Paris, 1987. pp. 3–50.)

Veyrin-Forrer, Jeanne ‘Les premiers caractères de François-Ambroise Didot (1781–1785)’, Mélanges d’histoire du livre et des bibliothèques offerts à M. Frantz Calot. 1960. pp. 159–73. (La lettre et le texte. Paris, 1987. pp. 121–38.)

Veyrin-Forrer, Jeanne ‘Les caractères de Pierre-François Didot (1783–1790)’, Gutenberg Jahrbuch 1962, pp. 57–67. (La lettre et le texte. Paris, 1987. pp. 139–57.)

Veyrin-Forrer, Jeanne ‘Aperçu sur la fonderie typographique parisienne au XVIIIe siècle’, The Library, 5th series, vol. 24 (1969), pp. 199–218. (La lettre et le texte. Paris, 1987. pp. 89–108.)

Veyrin-Forrer, Jeanne ‘Le "Cicero la police" et Mathieu Malherbe Des Portes’, Bulletin de la librairie ancienne et moderne, 51 (1971), n.s., no. 140, pp. 207–214. (La lettre et le texte. Paris, 1987. pp. 81–7.)

Veyrin-Forrer, Jeanne and Jammes, André ‘Survivance de Garamont au XVIIIe siècle’, Caractère noël 1959. 16 pp.

Wardrop, James ‘Arrighi revived’, Signature, no. 12 (1939), pp. 26–46.

Wardrop, James ‘Pierantonio Sallando and Girolamo Pagliarolo, scribes to Giovanni II Bentivoglio, a study in the later development of humanistic script’, Signature, new series, no. 2 (1946), pp. 4–30.

Wardrop, James ‘The Vatican scriptors: documents for Cresci and Ruano’, Signature, new series, no. 5 (1948), pp. 3–28.

Wardrop, James ‘A note on Giovanantonio Tagliente’, Signature, new series, no. 8 (1949), pp. 57–61.

Wardrop, James ‘Civis Romanus sum: Giovanbattista Palatino and his circle’, Signature, new series, no. 14 (1952), pp. 3–39.

Wardrop, James The script of humanism. Oxford, 1963.

Wehmer, Carl Die Namen der gotischen Buchstaben. Berlin, 1932.

Wehmer, Carl ‘Zur Beurteilung des Methodenstreits in der Inkunabelkunde’, Gutenberg Jahrbuch 1933, pp. 250–325.

Weiss, Roberto The Renaissance discovery of classical antiquity. Oxford, 1973.

Wilkes, Walter Das Schriftgiessen: von Stempelschnitt, Matrizenfertigung und Letternguss, eine Dokumentation. Darmstadt, 1990.

Wroth, Lawrence C. The colonial printer. 2nd ed. Portland, Maine, 1938.

Yciar, Juan de [Arte subtilissima, por la qual se enseña a escrivir perfectamente. Saragossa, 1550.] A facsimile of the 1550 edition of Arte subtilissima, with a translation by Evelyn Shuckburgh and an introduction by Reynolds Stone. London, 1960.

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